/*++
Copyright (c) 2012 Microsoft Corporation

    Thin C++ layer on top of the Z3 C API.
    Main features:
      - Smart pointers for all Z3 objects.
      - Object-Oriented interface.
      - Operator overloading.
      - Exceptions for signining Z3 errors

    The C API can be used simultaneously with the C++ layer.
    However, if you use the C API directly, you will have to check the error conditions manually.
    Of course, you can invoke the method check_error() of the context object.
Author:

    Leonardo (leonardo) 2012-03-28

Notes:

--*/
#ifndef Z3PP_H_
#define Z3PP_H_

#include<cassert>
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<sstream>
#include<z3.h>
#include<limits.h>

/**
   \defgroup cppapi C++ API

*/
/*@{*/

/**
   @name C++ API classes and functions
*/
/*@{*/

/**
   \brief Z3 C++ namespace
*/
namespace z3 {

    class exception;
    class config;
    class context;
    class symbol;
    class params;
    class param_descrs;
    class ast;
    class sort;
    class func_decl;
    class expr;
    class solver;
    class goal;
    class tactic;
    class probe;
    class model;
    class func_interp;
    class func_entry;
    class statistics;
    class apply_result;
    template<typename T> class ast_vector_tpl;
    typedef ast_vector_tpl<ast>       ast_vector;
    typedef ast_vector_tpl<expr>      expr_vector;
    typedef ast_vector_tpl<sort>      sort_vector;
    typedef ast_vector_tpl<func_decl> func_decl_vector;

    inline void set_param(char const * param, char const * value) { Z3_global_param_set(param, value); }
    inline void set_param(char const * param, bool value) { Z3_global_param_set(param, value ? "true" : "false"); }
    inline void set_param(char const * param, int value) { std::ostringstream oss; oss << value; Z3_global_param_set(param, oss.str().c_str()); }
    inline void reset_params() { Z3_global_param_reset_all(); }

    /**
       \brief Exception used to sign API usage errors.
    */
    class exception {
        std::string m_msg;
    public:
        exception(char const * msg):m_msg(msg) {}
        char const * msg() const { return m_msg.c_str(); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, exception const & e);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, exception const & e) { out << e.msg(); return out; }



    /**
       \brief Z3 global configuration object.
    */
    class config {
        Z3_config    m_cfg;
        config(config const & s);
        config & operator=(config const & s);
    public:
        config() { m_cfg = Z3_mk_config(); }
        ~config() { Z3_del_config(m_cfg); }
        operator Z3_config() const { return m_cfg; }
        /**
           \brief Set global parameter \c param with string \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, char const * value) { Z3_set_param_value(m_cfg, param, value); }
        /**
           \brief Set global parameter \c param with Boolean \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, bool value) { Z3_set_param_value(m_cfg, param, value ? "true" : "false"); }
        /**
           \brief Set global parameter \c param with integer \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, int value) {
            std::ostringstream oss;
            oss << value;
            Z3_set_param_value(m_cfg, param, oss.str().c_str());
        }
    };

    enum check_result {
        unsat, sat, unknown
    };

    inline check_result to_check_result(Z3_lbool l) {
        if (l == Z3_L_TRUE) return sat;
        else if (l == Z3_L_FALSE) return unsat;
        return unknown;
    }


    /**
       \brief A Context manages all other Z3 objects, global configuration options, etc.
    */
    class context {
        Z3_context m_ctx;
        static void error_handler(Z3_context /*c*/, Z3_error_code /*e*/) { /* do nothing */ }
        void init(config & c) {
            m_ctx = Z3_mk_context_rc(c);
            Z3_set_error_handler(m_ctx, error_handler);
            Z3_set_ast_print_mode(m_ctx, Z3_PRINT_SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT);
        }

        void init_interp(config & c) {
            m_ctx = Z3_mk_interpolation_context(c);
            Z3_set_error_handler(m_ctx, error_handler);
            Z3_set_ast_print_mode(m_ctx, Z3_PRINT_SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT);
        }

        context(context const & s);
        context & operator=(context const & s);
    public:
        struct interpolation {};
        context() { config c; init(c); }
        context(config & c) { init(c); }
        context(config & c, interpolation) { init_interp(c); }
        ~context() { Z3_del_context(m_ctx); }
        operator Z3_context() const { return m_ctx; }

        /**
           \brief Auxiliary method used to check for API usage errors.
        */
        void check_error() const {
            Z3_error_code e = Z3_get_error_code(m_ctx);
            if (e != Z3_OK)
                throw exception(Z3_get_error_msg(m_ctx, e));
        }

        /**
           \brief Update global parameter \c param with string \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, char const * value) { Z3_update_param_value(m_ctx, param, value); }
        /**
           \brief Update global parameter \c param with Boolean \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, bool value) { Z3_update_param_value(m_ctx, param, value ? "true" : "false"); }
        /**
           \brief Update global parameter \c param with Integer \c value.
        */
        void set(char const * param, int value) {
            std::ostringstream oss;
            oss << value;
            Z3_update_param_value(m_ctx, param, oss.str().c_str());
        }

        /**
           \brief Interrupt the current procedure being executed by any object managed by this context.
           This is a soft interruption: there is no guarantee the object will actualy stop.
        */
        void interrupt() { Z3_interrupt(m_ctx); }

        /**
           \brief Create a Z3 symbol based on the given string.
        */
        symbol str_symbol(char const * s);
        /**
           \brief Create a Z3 symbol based on the given integer.
        */
        symbol int_symbol(int n);
        /**
           \brief Return the Boolean sort.
        */
        sort bool_sort();
        /**
           \brief Return the integer sort.
        */
        sort int_sort();
        /**
           \brief Return the Real sort.
        */
        sort real_sort();
        /**
           \brief Return the Bit-vector sort of size \c sz. That is, the sort for bit-vectors of size \c sz.
        */
        sort bv_sort(unsigned sz);
        /**
           \brief Return the sort for ASCII strings.
         */
        sort string_sort();
        /**
           \brief Return a sequence sort over base sort \c s.
         */
        sort seq_sort(sort& s);
        /**
           \brief Return a regular expression sort over sequences \c seq_sort.
         */
        sort re_sort(sort& seq_sort);
        /**
           \brief Return an array sort for arrays from \c d to \c r.

           Example: Given a context \c c, <tt>c.array_sort(c.int_sort(), c.bool_sort())</tt> is an array sort from integer to Boolean.
        */
        sort array_sort(sort d, sort r);
        /**
           \brief Return an enumeration sort: enum_names[0], ..., enum_names[n-1].
           \c cs and \c ts are output parameters. The method stores in \c cs the constants corresponding to the enumerated elements,
           and in \c ts the predicates for testing if terms of the enumeration sort correspond to an enumeration.
        */
        sort enumeration_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * enum_names, func_decl_vector & cs, func_decl_vector & ts);
        /**
           \brief create an uninterpreted sort with the name given by the string or symbol.
         */
        sort uninterpreted_sort(char const* name);
        sort uninterpreted_sort(symbol const& name);

        func_decl function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(symbol const&  name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range);
        func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range);

        expr constant(symbol const & name, sort const & s);
        expr constant(char const * name, sort const & s);
        expr bool_const(char const * name);
        expr int_const(char const * name);
        expr real_const(char const * name);
        expr bv_const(char const * name, unsigned sz);

        expr bool_val(bool b);

        expr int_val(int n);
        expr int_val(unsigned n);
        expr int_val(__int64 n);
        expr int_val(__uint64 n);
        expr int_val(char const * n);

        expr real_val(int n, int d);
        expr real_val(int n);
        expr real_val(unsigned n);
        expr real_val(__int64 n);
        expr real_val(__uint64 n);
        expr real_val(char const * n);

        expr bv_val(int n, unsigned sz);
        expr bv_val(unsigned n, unsigned sz);
        expr bv_val(__int64 n, unsigned sz);
        expr bv_val(__uint64 n, unsigned sz);
        expr bv_val(char const * n, unsigned sz);

        expr string_val(char const* s);
        expr string_val(std::string const& s);

        expr num_val(int n, sort const & s);

        /**
           \brief parsing
         */
        expr parse_string(char const* s);
        expr parse_file(char const* file);

        expr parse_string(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls);
        expr parse_file(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls);

        /**
           \brief Interpolation support
        */
        check_result compute_interpolant(expr const& pat, params const& p, expr_vector& interp, model& m);
        expr_vector  get_interpolant(expr const& proof, expr const& pat, params const& p);

    };




    template<typename T>
    class array {
        T *      m_array;
        unsigned m_size;
        array(array const & s);
        array & operator=(array const & s);
    public:
        array(unsigned sz):m_size(sz) { m_array = new T[sz]; }
        template<typename T2>
        array(ast_vector_tpl<T2> const & v);
        ~array() { delete[] m_array; }
        unsigned size() const { return m_size; }
        T & operator[](int i) { assert(0 <= i); assert(static_cast<unsigned>(i) < m_size); return m_array[i]; }
        T const & operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); assert(static_cast<unsigned>(i) < m_size); return m_array[i]; }
        T const * ptr() const { return m_array; }
        T * ptr() { return m_array; }
    };

    class object {
    protected:
        context * m_ctx;
    public:
        object(context & c):m_ctx(&c) {}
        object(object const & s):m_ctx(s.m_ctx) {}
        context & ctx() const { return *m_ctx; }
        void check_error() const { m_ctx->check_error(); }
        friend void check_context(object const & a, object const & b);
    };
    inline void check_context(object const & a, object const & b) { assert(a.m_ctx == b.m_ctx); }

    class symbol : public object {
        Z3_symbol m_sym;
    public:
        symbol(context & c, Z3_symbol s):object(c), m_sym(s) {}
        symbol(symbol const & s):object(s), m_sym(s.m_sym) {}
        symbol & operator=(symbol const & s) { m_ctx = s.m_ctx; m_sym = s.m_sym; return *this; }
        operator Z3_symbol() const { return m_sym; }
        Z3_symbol_kind kind() const { return Z3_get_symbol_kind(ctx(), m_sym); }
        std::string str() const { assert(kind() == Z3_STRING_SYMBOL); return Z3_get_symbol_string(ctx(), m_sym); }
        int to_int() const { assert(kind() == Z3_INT_SYMBOL); return Z3_get_symbol_int(ctx(), m_sym); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, symbol const & s);
    };

    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, symbol const & s) {
        if (s.kind() == Z3_INT_SYMBOL)
            out << "k!" << s.to_int();
        else
            out << s.str().c_str();
        return out;
    }


    class param_descrs : public object {
        Z3_param_descrs m_descrs;
    public:
        param_descrs(context& c, Z3_param_descrs d): object(c), m_descrs(d) { Z3_param_descrs_inc_ref(c, d); }
        param_descrs(param_descrs const& o): object(o.ctx()), m_descrs(o.m_descrs) { Z3_param_descrs_inc_ref(ctx(), m_descrs); }
        param_descrs& operator=(param_descrs const& o) {
            Z3_param_descrs_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_descrs);
            Z3_param_descrs_dec_ref(ctx(), m_descrs);
            m_descrs = o.m_descrs;
            m_ctx = o.m_ctx;
            return *this;
        }
        ~param_descrs() { Z3_param_descrs_dec_ref(ctx(), m_descrs); }
        static param_descrs simplify_param_descrs(context& c) { return param_descrs(c, Z3_simplify_get_param_descrs(c)); }

        unsigned size() { return Z3_param_descrs_size(ctx(), m_descrs); }
        symbol name(unsigned i) { return symbol(ctx(), Z3_param_descrs_get_name(ctx(), m_descrs, i)); }
        Z3_param_kind kind(symbol const& s) { return Z3_param_descrs_get_kind(ctx(), m_descrs, s); }
        std::string documentation(symbol const& s) { char const* r = Z3_param_descrs_get_documentation(ctx(), m_descrs, s); check_error(); return r; }
        std::string to_string() const { return Z3_param_descrs_to_string(ctx(), m_descrs); }
    };

    inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream & out, param_descrs const & d) { return out << d.to_string(); }

    class params : public object {
        Z3_params m_params;
    public:
        params(context & c):object(c) { m_params = Z3_mk_params(c); Z3_params_inc_ref(ctx(), m_params); }
        params(params const & s):object(s), m_params(s.m_params) { Z3_params_inc_ref(ctx(), m_params); }
        ~params() { Z3_params_dec_ref(ctx(), m_params); }
        operator Z3_params() const { return m_params; }
        params & operator=(params const & s) {
            Z3_params_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_params);
            Z3_params_dec_ref(ctx(), m_params);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_params = s.m_params;
            return *this;
        }
        void set(char const * k, bool b) { Z3_params_set_bool(ctx(), m_params, ctx().str_symbol(k), b); }
        void set(char const * k, unsigned n) { Z3_params_set_uint(ctx(), m_params, ctx().str_symbol(k), n); }
        void set(char const * k, double n) { Z3_params_set_double(ctx(), m_params, ctx().str_symbol(k), n); }
        void set(char const * k, symbol const & s) { Z3_params_set_symbol(ctx(), m_params, ctx().str_symbol(k), s); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, params const & p);
    };

    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, params const & p) {
        out << Z3_params_to_string(p.ctx(), p); return out;
    }

    class ast : public object {
    protected:
        Z3_ast    m_ast;
    public:
        ast(context & c):object(c), m_ast(0) {}
        ast(context & c, Z3_ast n):object(c), m_ast(n) { Z3_inc_ref(ctx(), m_ast); }
        ast(ast const & s):object(s), m_ast(s.m_ast) { Z3_inc_ref(ctx(), m_ast); }
        ~ast() { if (m_ast) Z3_dec_ref(*m_ctx, m_ast); }
        operator Z3_ast() const { return m_ast; }
        operator bool() const { return m_ast != 0; }
        ast & operator=(ast const & s) { Z3_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_ast); if (m_ast) Z3_dec_ref(ctx(), m_ast); m_ctx = s.m_ctx; m_ast = s.m_ast; return *this; }
        Z3_ast_kind kind() const { Z3_ast_kind r = Z3_get_ast_kind(ctx(), m_ast); check_error(); return r; }
        unsigned hash() const { unsigned r = Z3_get_ast_hash(ctx(), m_ast); check_error(); return r; }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, ast const & n);

        /**
           \brief Return true if the ASTs are structurally identical.
        */
        friend bool eq(ast const & a, ast const & b);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, ast const & n) {
        out << Z3_ast_to_string(n.ctx(), n.m_ast); return out;
    }

    inline bool eq(ast const & a, ast const & b) { return Z3_is_eq_ast(a.ctx(), a, b) != 0; }


    /**
       \brief A Z3 sort (aka type). Every expression (i.e., formula or term) in Z3 has a sort.
    */
    class sort : public ast {
    public:
        sort(context & c):ast(c) {}
        sort(context & c, Z3_sort s):ast(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_ast>(s)) {}
        sort(sort const & s):ast(s) {}
        operator Z3_sort() const { return reinterpret_cast<Z3_sort>(m_ast); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this sort and \c s are equal.
        */
        sort & operator=(sort const & s) { return static_cast<sort&>(ast::operator=(s)); }
        /**
           \brief Return the internal sort kind.
        */
        Z3_sort_kind sort_kind() const { return Z3_get_sort_kind(*m_ctx, *this); }
        /**
           \brief Return name of sort.
        */
        symbol name() const { Z3_symbol s = Z3_get_sort_name(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return symbol(ctx(), s); }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is the Boolean sort.
        */
        bool is_bool() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_BOOL_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is the Integer sort.
        */
        bool is_int() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_INT_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is the Real sort.
        */
        bool is_real() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_REAL_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is the Integer or Real sort.
        */
        bool is_arith() const { return is_int() || is_real(); }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Bit-vector sort.
        */
        bool is_bv() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_BV_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Array sort.
        */
        bool is_array() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_ARRAY_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Datatype sort.
        */
        bool is_datatype() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_DATATYPE_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Relation sort.
        */
        bool is_relation() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_RELATION_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Sequence sort.
        */
        bool is_seq() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_SEQ_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a regular expression sort.
        */
        bool is_re() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_RE_SORT; }
        /**
            \brief Return true if this sort is a Finite domain sort.
        */
        bool is_finite_domain() const { return sort_kind() == Z3_FINITE_DOMAIN_SORT; }

        /**
            \brief Return the size of this Bit-vector sort.

            \pre is_bv()
        */
        unsigned bv_size() const { assert(is_bv()); unsigned r = Z3_get_bv_sort_size(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return r; }

        /**
            \brief Return the domain of this Array sort.

            \pre is_array()
        */
        sort array_domain() const { assert(is_array()); Z3_sort s = Z3_get_array_sort_domain(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), s); }
        /**
            \brief Return the range of this Array sort.

            \pre is_array()
        */
        sort array_range() const { assert(is_array()); Z3_sort s = Z3_get_array_sort_range(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), s); }
    };

    /**
       \brief Function declaration (aka function definition). It is the signature of interpreted and uninterpreted functions in Z3.
       The basic building block in Z3 is the function application.
    */
    class func_decl : public ast {
    public:
        func_decl(context & c):ast(c) {}
        func_decl(context & c, Z3_func_decl n):ast(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_ast>(n)) {}
        func_decl(func_decl const & s):ast(s) {}
        operator Z3_func_decl() const { return reinterpret_cast<Z3_func_decl>(m_ast); }
        func_decl & operator=(func_decl const & s) { return static_cast<func_decl&>(ast::operator=(s)); }

        unsigned arity() const { return Z3_get_arity(ctx(), *this); }
        sort domain(unsigned i) const { assert(i < arity()); Z3_sort r = Z3_get_domain(ctx(), *this, i); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), r); }
        sort range() const { Z3_sort r = Z3_get_range(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), r); }
        symbol name() const { Z3_symbol s = Z3_get_decl_name(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return symbol(ctx(), s); }
        Z3_decl_kind decl_kind() const { return Z3_get_decl_kind(ctx(), *this); }

        bool is_const() const { return arity() == 0; }

        expr operator()() const;
        expr operator()(unsigned n, expr const * args) const;
        expr operator()(expr_vector const& v) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a) const;
        expr operator()(int a) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a1, int a2) const;
        expr operator()(int a1, expr const & a2) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4) const;
        expr operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4, expr const & a5) const;
    };

    /**
       \brief A Z3 expression is used to represent formulas and terms. For Z3, a formula is any expression of sort Boolean.
       Every expression has a sort.
    */
    class expr : public ast {
    public:
        expr(context & c):ast(c) {}
        expr(context & c, Z3_ast n):ast(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_ast>(n)) {}
        expr(expr const & n):ast(n) {}
        expr & operator=(expr const & n) { return static_cast<expr&>(ast::operator=(n)); }

        /**
           \brief Return the sort of this expression.
        */
        sort get_sort() const { Z3_sort s = Z3_get_sort(*m_ctx, m_ast); check_error(); return sort(*m_ctx, s); }

        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Boolean expression.
        */
        bool is_bool() const { return get_sort().is_bool(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is an integer expression.
        */
        bool is_int() const { return get_sort().is_int(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a real expression.
        */
        bool is_real() const { return get_sort().is_real(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is an integer or real expression.
        */
        bool is_arith() const { return get_sort().is_arith(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Bit-vector expression.
        */
        bool is_bv() const { return get_sort().is_bv(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Array expression.
        */
        bool is_array() const { return get_sort().is_array(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Datatype expression.
        */
        bool is_datatype() const { return get_sort().is_datatype(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Relation expression.
        */
        bool is_relation() const { return get_sort().is_relation(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a sequence expression.
        */
        bool is_seq() const { return get_sort().is_seq(); }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a regular expression.
        */
        bool is_re() const { return get_sort().is_re(); }
        
        /**
           \brief Return true if this is a Finite-domain expression.

           \remark Finite-domain is special kind of interpreted sort:
           is_bool(), is_bv() and is_finite_domain() are mutually
           exclusive.

        */
        bool is_finite_domain() const { return get_sort().is_finite_domain(); }

        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is a numeral.
           Specialized functions also return representations for the numerals as
           small integers, 64 bit integers or rational or decimal strings.
        */
        bool is_numeral() const { return kind() == Z3_NUMERAL_AST; }
        bool is_numeral_i64(__int64& i) const { bool r = 0 != Z3_get_numeral_int64(ctx(), m_ast, &i); check_error(); return r;}
        bool is_numeral_u64(__uint64& i) const { bool r = 0 != Z3_get_numeral_uint64(ctx(), m_ast, &i); check_error(); return r;}
        bool is_numeral_i(int& i) const { bool r = 0 != Z3_get_numeral_int(ctx(), m_ast, &i); check_error(); return r;}
        bool is_numeral_u(unsigned& i) const { bool r = 0 != Z3_get_numeral_uint(ctx(), m_ast, &i); check_error(); return r;}
        bool is_numeral(std::string& s) const { if (!is_numeral()) return false; s = Z3_get_numeral_string(ctx(), m_ast); check_error(); return true; }
        bool is_numeral(std::string& s, unsigned precision) const { if (!is_numeral()) return false; s = Z3_get_numeral_decimal_string(ctx(), m_ast, precision); check_error(); return true; }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is an application.
        */
        bool is_app() const { return kind() == Z3_APP_AST || kind() == Z3_NUMERAL_AST; }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is a constant (i.e., an application with 0 arguments).
        */
        bool is_const() const { return is_app() && num_args() == 0; }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is a quantifier.
        */
        bool is_quantifier() const { return kind() == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST; }
        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is a variable.
        */
        bool is_var() const { return kind() == Z3_VAR_AST; }
        /**
           \brief Return true if expression is an algebraic number.
        */
        bool is_algebraic() const { return 0 != Z3_is_algebraic_number(ctx(), m_ast); }

        /**
           \brief Return true if this expression is well sorted (aka type correct).
        */
        bool is_well_sorted() const { bool r = Z3_is_well_sorted(ctx(), m_ast) != 0; check_error(); return r; }
        
        /**
           \brief Return string representation of numeral or algebraic number
           This method assumes the expression is numeral or algebraic
           
           \pre is_numeral() || is_algebraic()
        */
        std::string get_decimal_string(int precision) const {
            assert(is_numeral() || is_algebraic());
            return std::string(Z3_get_numeral_decimal_string(ctx(), m_ast, precision));
        }
        
        /**
           \brief Return int value of numeral, throw if result cannot fit in
           machine int
           
           \pre is_numeral()
        */
        int get_numeral_int() const {             
            int result;
            if (!is_numeral_i(result)) {
                throw exception("numeral does not fit in machine int");
            }
            return result;
        }
        
        /**
           \brief Return uint value of numeral, throw if result cannot fit in
           machine uint
           
           \pre is_numeral()
        */
        unsigned get_numeral_uint() const {
            assert(is_numeral());
            unsigned result;
            if (!is_numeral_u(result)) {
                throw exception("numeral does not fit in machine uint");
            }
            return result;
        }
        
        /**
           \brief Return __int64 value of numeral, throw if result cannot fit in
           __int64
           
           \pre is_numeral()
        */
        __int64 get_numeral_int64() const {
            assert(is_numeral());
            __int64 result;
            if (!is_numeral_i64(result)) {
                throw exception("numeral does not fit in machine __int64");
            }
            return result;
        }
        
        /**
           \brief Return __uint64 value of numeral, throw if result cannot fit in
           __uint64
           
           \pre is_numeral()
        */
        __uint64 get_numeral_uint64() const {
            assert(is_numeral());
            __uint64 result;
            if (!is_numeral_u64(result)) {
                throw exception("numeral does not fit in machine __uint64");
            }
            return result;
        }
           

        operator Z3_app() const { assert(is_app()); return reinterpret_cast<Z3_app>(m_ast); }

        /**
           \brief Return the declaration associated with this application.
           This method assumes the expression is an application.

           \pre is_app()
        */
        func_decl decl() const { Z3_func_decl f = Z3_get_app_decl(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), f); }
        /**
           \brief Return the number of arguments in this application.
           This method assumes the expression is an application.

           \pre is_app()
        */
        unsigned num_args() const { unsigned r = Z3_get_app_num_args(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return r; }
        /**
           \brief Return the i-th argument of this application.
           This method assumes the expression is an application.

           \pre is_app()
           \pre i < num_args()
        */
        expr arg(unsigned i) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_get_app_arg(ctx(), *this, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }

        /**
           \brief Return the 'body' of this quantifier.

           \pre is_quantifier()
        */
        expr body() const { assert(is_quantifier()); Z3_ast r = Z3_get_quantifier_body(ctx(), *this); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }

        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>not(a)</tt>.

           \pre a.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator!(expr const & a);


        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a and b</tt>.

           \pre a.is_bool()
           \pre b.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator&&(expr const & a, expr const & b);


        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a and b</tt>.
           The C++ Boolean value \c b is automatically converted into a Z3 Boolean constant.

           \pre a.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator&&(expr const & a, bool b);
        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a and b</tt>.
           The C++ Boolean value \c a is automatically converted into a Z3 Boolean constant.

           \pre b.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator&&(bool a, expr const & b);

        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a or b</tt>.

           \pre a.is_bool()
           \pre b.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator||(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a or b</tt>.
           The C++ Boolean value \c b is automatically converted into a Z3 Boolean constant.

           \pre a.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator||(expr const & a, bool b);

        /**
           \brief Return an expression representing <tt>a or b</tt>.
           The C++ Boolean value \c a is automatically converted into a Z3 Boolean constant.

           \pre b.is_bool()
        */
        friend expr operator||(bool a, expr const & b);

        friend expr implies(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr implies(expr const & a, bool b);
        friend expr implies(bool a, expr const & b);

        friend expr mk_or(expr_vector const& args);
        friend expr mk_and(expr_vector const& args);

        friend expr ite(expr const & c, expr const & t, expr const & e);

        friend expr distinct(expr_vector const& args);
        friend expr concat(expr const& a, expr const& b);
        friend expr concat(expr_vector const& args);

        friend expr operator==(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator==(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator==(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator!=(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator!=(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator!=(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator+(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator+(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator+(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator*(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator*(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator*(int a, expr const & b);

        /**
           \brief Power operator
        */
        friend expr pw(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr pw(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr pw(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator/(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator/(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator/(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator-(expr const & a);

        friend expr operator-(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator-(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator-(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator<=(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator<=(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator<=(int a, expr const & b);


        friend expr operator>=(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr wasoperator(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator>=(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator>=(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator<(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator<(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator<(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator>(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator>(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator>(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator&(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator&(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator&(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator^(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator^(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator^(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator|(expr const & a, expr const & b);
        friend expr operator|(expr const & a, int b);
        friend expr operator|(int a, expr const & b);

        friend expr operator~(expr const & a);
        expr extract(unsigned hi, unsigned lo) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_extract(ctx(), hi, lo, *this); ctx().check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }        
        unsigned lo() const { assert (is_app() && Z3_get_decl_num_parameters(ctx(), decl()) == 2); return static_cast<unsigned>(Z3_get_decl_int_parameter(ctx(), decl(), 1)); }
        unsigned hi() const { assert (is_app() && Z3_get_decl_num_parameters(ctx(), decl()) == 2); return static_cast<unsigned>(Z3_get_decl_int_parameter(ctx(), decl(), 0)); }

        /**
           \brief sequence and regular expression operations.
           + is overloaeded as sequence concatenation and regular expression union.
           concat is overloaded to handle sequences and regular expressions
        */
        expr extract(expr const& offset, expr const& length) const { 
            check_context(*this, offset); check_context(offset, length);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_extract(ctx(), *this, offset, length); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); 
        }
        expr replace(expr const& src, expr const& dst) const {
            check_context(*this, src); check_context(src, dst);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_replace(ctx(), *this, src, dst);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr unit() const {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_unit(ctx(), *this);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr contains(expr const& s) {
            check_context(*this, s);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_contains(ctx(), *this, s);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr at(expr const& index) const {
            check_context(*this, index);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_at(ctx(), *this, index);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr length() const {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_length(ctx(), *this);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }



        /**
           \brief Return a simplified version of this expression.
        */
        expr simplify() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_simplify(ctx(), m_ast); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        /**
           \brief Return a simplified version of this expression. The parameter \c p is a set of parameters for the Z3 simplifier.
        */
        expr simplify(params const & p) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_simplify_ex(ctx(), m_ast, p); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }

        /**
           \brief Apply substitution. Replace src expressions by dst.
        */
        expr substitute(expr_vector const& src, expr_vector const& dst);

        /**
           \brief Apply substitution. Replace bound variables by expressions.
        */
        expr substitute(expr_vector const& dst);

   };

    inline expr implies(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_implies(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr implies(expr const & a, bool b) { return implies(a, a.ctx().bool_val(b)); }
    inline expr implies(bool a, expr const & b) { return implies(b.ctx().bool_val(a), b); }


    inline expr pw(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        assert(a.is_arith() && b.is_arith());
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_power(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr pw(expr const & a, int b) { return pw(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr pw(int a, expr const & b) { return pw(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }


    inline expr operator!(expr const & a) {
        assert(a.is_bool());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_not(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, bool b) { return a && a.ctx().bool_val(b); }
    inline expr operator&&(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) && b; }

    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, bool b) { return a || a.ctx().bool_val(b); }

    inline expr operator||(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) || b; }

    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_eq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv()); return a == a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator==(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) == b; }

    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv()); return a != a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator!=(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) != b; }

    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_add(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvadd(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_seq() && b.is_seq()) {
            return concat(a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_re() && b.is_re()) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_union(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, int b) { return a + a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator+(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) + b; }

    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_mul(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvmul(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, int b) { return a * a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator*(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) * b; }


    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_div(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsdiv(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, int b) { return a / a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator/(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) / b; }

    inline expr operator-(expr const & a) {
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_unary_minus(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvneg(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_sub(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsub(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, int b) { return a - a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator-(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) - b; }

    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_le(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsle(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, int b) { return a <= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) <= b; }

    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, int b) { return a >= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) >= b; }

    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_lt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvslt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, int b) { return a < a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) < b; }

    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_gt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsgt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, int b) { return a > a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) > b; }

    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, expr const & b) { check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvand(a.ctx(), a, b); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, int b) { return a & a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator&(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) & b; }

    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, expr const & b) { check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvxor(a.ctx(), a, b); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, int b) { return a ^ a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator^(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) ^ b; }

    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, expr const & b) { check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvor(a.ctx(), a, b); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, int b) { return a | a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator|(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) | b; }

    inline expr operator~(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnot(a.ctx(), a); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }




    /**
       \brief Create the if-then-else expression <tt>ite(c, t, e)</tt>

       \pre c.is_bool()
    */

    inline expr ite(expr const & c, expr const & t, expr const & e) {
        check_context(c, t); check_context(c, e);
        assert(c.is_bool());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_ite(c.ctx(), c, t, e);
        c.check_error();
        return expr(c.ctx(), r);
    }


    /**
       \brief Wraps a Z3_ast as an expr object. It also checks for errors.
       This function allows the user to use the whole C API with the C++ layer defined in this file.
    */
    inline expr to_expr(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
        c.check_error();
        assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST);
        return expr(c, a);
    }

    inline sort to_sort(context & c, Z3_sort s) {
        c.check_error();
        return sort(c, s);
    }

    inline func_decl to_func_decl(context & c, Z3_func_decl f) {
        c.check_error();
        return func_decl(c, f);
    }

    /**
       \brief unsigned less than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
    */
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvule(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, int b) { return ule(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ule(int a, expr const & b) { return ule(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    /**
       \brief unsigned less than operator for bitvectors.
    */
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvult(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, int b) { return ult(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ult(int a, expr const & b) { return ult(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    /**
       \brief unsigned greater than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
    */
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, int b) { return uge(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr uge(int a, expr const & b) { return uge(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    /**
       \brief unsigned greater than operator for bitvectors.
    */
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvugt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, int b) { return ugt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ugt(int a, expr const & b) { return ugt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    /**
       \brief unsigned division operator for bitvectors.
    */
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvudiv(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, int b) { return udiv(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr udiv(int a, expr const & b) { return udiv(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }

    /**
       \brief signed reminder operator for bitvectors
    */
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsrem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, int b) { return srem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr srem(int a, expr const & b) { return srem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    
    /**
       \brief unsigned reminder operator for bitvectors
    */
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvurem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, int b) { return urem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr urem(int a, expr const & b) { return urem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    
    /**
       \brief shift left operator for bitvectors
    */
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvshl(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, int b) { return shl(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr shl(int a, expr const & b) { return shl(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    
    /**
       \brief logic shift right operator for bitvectors
    */
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvlshr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, int b) { return lshr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr lshr(int a, expr const & b) { return lshr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    
    /**
       \brief arithmetic shift right operator for bitvectors
    */
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvashr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, int b) { return ashr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ashr(int a, expr const & b) { return ashr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    
    /**
       \brief Extend the given bit-vector with zeros to the (unsigned) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
    */
    inline expr zext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_zero_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
    
    /**
       \brief Sign-extend of the given bit-vector to the (signed) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
    */
    inline expr sext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_sign_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
    
    template<typename T> class cast_ast;

    template<> class cast_ast<ast> {
    public:
        ast operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) { return ast(c, a); }
    };

    template<> class cast_ast<expr> {
    public:
        expr operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST);
            return expr(c, a);
        }
    };

    template<> class cast_ast<sort> {
    public:
        sort operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_SORT_AST);
            return sort(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_sort>(a));
        }
    };

    template<> class cast_ast<func_decl> {
    public:
        func_decl operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_FUNC_DECL_AST);
            return func_decl(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_func_decl>(a));
        }
    };

    template<typename T>
    class ast_vector_tpl : public object {
        Z3_ast_vector m_vector;
        void init(Z3_ast_vector v) { Z3_ast_vector_inc_ref(ctx(), v); m_vector = v; }
    public:
        ast_vector_tpl(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_ast_vector(c)); }
        ast_vector_tpl(context & c, Z3_ast_vector v):object(c) { init(v); }
        ast_vector_tpl(ast_vector_tpl const & s):object(s), m_vector(s.m_vector) { Z3_ast_vector_inc_ref(ctx(), m_vector); }
        ~ast_vector_tpl() { Z3_ast_vector_dec_ref(ctx(), m_vector); }
        operator Z3_ast_vector() const { return m_vector; }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_ast_vector_size(ctx(), m_vector); }
        T operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_ast r = Z3_ast_vector_get(ctx(), m_vector, i); check_error(); return cast_ast<T>()(ctx(), r); }
        void push_back(T const & e) { Z3_ast_vector_push(ctx(), m_vector, e); check_error(); }
        void resize(unsigned sz) { Z3_ast_vector_resize(ctx(), m_vector, sz); check_error(); }
        T back() const { return operator[](size() - 1); }
        void pop_back() { assert(size() > 0); resize(size() - 1); }
        bool empty() const { return size() == 0; }
        ast_vector_tpl & operator=(ast_vector_tpl const & s) {
            Z3_ast_vector_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_vector);
            Z3_ast_vector_dec_ref(ctx(), m_vector);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_vector = s.m_vector;
            return *this;
        }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, ast_vector_tpl const & v) { out << Z3_ast_vector_to_string(v.ctx(), v); return out; }
    };


    template<typename T>
    template<typename T2>
    array<T>::array(ast_vector_tpl<T2> const & v) {
        m_array = new T[v.size()];
        m_size  = v.size();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_size; i++) {
            m_array[i] = v[i];
        }
    }

    // Basic functions for creating quantified formulas.
    // The C API should be used for creating quantifiers with patterns, weights, many variables, etc.
    inline expr forall(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }


    inline expr distinct(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }

    inline expr concat(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r;
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else {
            r = Z3_mk_concat(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        a.ctx().check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr concat(expr_vector const& args) {
        Z3_ast r;
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        if (args.size() == 1) {
            return args[0];
        }
        context& ctx = args[0].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(ctx, args[0].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(ctx, args[0].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else {
            r = _args[args.size()-1];
            for (unsigned i = args.size()-1; i > 0; ) {
                --i;
                r = Z3_mk_concat(ctx, _args[i], r);
                ctx.check_error();
            }
        }
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }

    inline expr mk_or(expr_vector const& args) { 
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr mk_and(expr_vector const& args) {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }


    class func_entry : public object {
        Z3_func_entry m_entry;
        void init(Z3_func_entry e) {
            m_entry = e;
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
        }
    public:
        func_entry(context & c, Z3_func_entry e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_entry(func_entry const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_entry); }
        ~func_entry() { Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry); }
        operator Z3_func_entry() const { return m_entry; }
        func_entry & operator=(func_entry const & s) {
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_entry);
            Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_entry = s.m_entry;
            return *this;
        }
        expr value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_value(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_args() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_entry_get_num_args(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return r; }
        expr arg(unsigned i) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_arg(ctx(), m_entry, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
    };

    class func_interp : public object {
        Z3_func_interp m_interp;
        void init(Z3_func_interp e) {
            m_interp = e;
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
        }
    public:
        func_interp(context & c, Z3_func_interp e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_interp(func_interp const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_interp); }
        ~func_interp() { Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp); }
        operator Z3_func_interp() const { return m_interp; }
        func_interp & operator=(func_interp const & s) {
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_interp);
            Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_interp = s.m_interp;
            return *this;
        }
        expr else_value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_interp_get_else(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_entries() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_interp_get_num_entries(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return r; }
        func_entry entry(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_entry e = Z3_func_interp_get_entry(ctx(), m_interp, i); check_error(); return func_entry(ctx(), e); }
    };

    class model : public object {
        Z3_model m_model;
        void init(Z3_model m) {
            m_model = m;
            Z3_model_inc_ref(ctx(), m);
        }
    public:
        model(context & c, Z3_model m):object(c) { init(m); }
        model(model const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_model); }
        ~model() { Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model); }
        operator Z3_model() const { return m_model; }
        model & operator=(model const & s) {
            Z3_model_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_model);
            Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_model = s.m_model;
            return *this;
        }

        expr eval(expr const & n, bool model_completion=false) const {
            check_context(*this, n);
            Z3_ast r = 0;
            Z3_bool status = Z3_model_eval(ctx(), m_model, n, model_completion, &r);
            check_error();
            if (status == Z3_FALSE)
                throw exception("failed to evaluate expression");
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }

        unsigned num_consts() const { return Z3_model_get_num_consts(ctx(), m_model); }
        unsigned num_funcs() const { return Z3_model_get_num_funcs(ctx(), m_model); }
        func_decl get_const_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_const_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        func_decl get_func_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_func_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned size() const { return num_consts() + num_funcs(); }
        func_decl operator[](int i) const {
            assert(0 <= i);
            return static_cast<unsigned>(i) < num_consts() ? get_const_decl(i) : get_func_decl(i - num_consts());
        }

        // returns interpretation of constant declaration c.
        // If c is not assigned any value in the model it returns 
        // an expression with a null ast reference.
        expr get_const_interp(func_decl c) const {
            check_context(*this, c);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_model_get_const_interp(ctx(), m_model, c);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        func_interp get_func_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            Z3_func_interp r = Z3_model_get_func_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
            check_error();
            return func_interp(ctx(), r);
        }
        
        // returns true iff the model contains an interpretation
        // for function f.
        bool has_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            return 0 != Z3_model_has_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
        }

        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m) { out << Z3_model_to_string(m.ctx(), m); return out; }

    class stats : public object {
        Z3_stats m_stats;
        void init(Z3_stats e) {
            m_stats = e;
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
        }
    public:
        stats(context & c):object(c), m_stats(0) {}
        stats(context & c, Z3_stats e):object(c) { init(e); }
        stats(stats const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_stats); }
        ~stats() { if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats); }
        operator Z3_stats() const { return m_stats; }
        stats & operator=(stats const & s) {
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_stats);
            if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_stats = s.m_stats;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_stats_size(ctx(), m_stats); }
        std::string key(unsigned i) const { Z3_string s = Z3_stats_get_key(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return s; }
        bool is_uint(unsigned i) const { Z3_bool r = Z3_stats_is_uint(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r != 0; }
        bool is_double(unsigned i) const { Z3_bool r = Z3_stats_is_double(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r != 0; }
        unsigned uint_value(unsigned i) const { unsigned r = Z3_stats_get_uint_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        double double_value(unsigned i) const { double r = Z3_stats_get_double_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s) { out << Z3_stats_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }


    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, check_result r) {
        if (r == unsat) out << "unsat";
        else if (r == sat) out << "sat";
        else out << "unknown";
        return out;
    }


    class solver : public object {
        Z3_solver m_solver;
        void init(Z3_solver s) {
            m_solver = s;
            Z3_solver_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        struct simple {};
        struct translate {};
        solver(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver(c)); }
        solver(context & c, simple):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_simple_solver(c)); }
        solver(context & c, Z3_solver s):object(c) { init(s); }
        solver(context & c, char const * logic):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver_for_logic(c, c.str_symbol(logic))); }
        solver(context & c, solver const& src, translate): object(c) { init(Z3_solver_translate(src.ctx(), src, c)); }
        solver(solver const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_solver); }
        ~solver() { Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver); }
        operator Z3_solver() const { return m_solver; }
        solver & operator=(solver const & s) {
            Z3_solver_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_solver);
            Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_solver = s.m_solver;
            return *this;
        }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_solver_set_params(ctx(), m_solver, p); check_error(); }
        void push() { Z3_solver_push(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void pop(unsigned n = 1) { Z3_solver_pop(ctx(), m_solver, n); check_error(); }
        void reset() { Z3_solver_reset(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e) { assert(e.is_bool()); Z3_solver_assert(ctx(), m_solver, e); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e, expr const & p) {
            assert(e.is_bool()); assert(p.is_bool()); assert(p.is_const());
            Z3_solver_assert_and_track(ctx(), m_solver, e, p);
            check_error();
        }
        void add(expr const & e, char const * p) {
            add(e, ctx().bool_const(p));
        }
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result check(unsigned n, expr * const assumptions) {
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        check_result check(expr_vector assumptions) {
            unsigned n = assumptions.size();
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_solver_get_model(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        check_result consequences(expr_vector& assumptions, expr_vector& vars, expr_vector& conseq) {
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_get_consequences(ctx(), m_solver, assumptions, vars, conseq);
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        std::string reason_unknown() const { Z3_string r = Z3_solver_get_reason_unknown(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return r; }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_solver_get_statistics(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector unsat_core() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_unsat_core(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_assertions(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr proof() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_get_proof(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s);

        std::string to_smt2(char const* status = "unknown") {
            array<Z3_ast> es(assertions());
            Z3_ast const* fmls = es.ptr();
            Z3_ast fml = 0;
            unsigned sz = es.size();
            if (sz > 0) {
                --sz;
                fml = fmls[sz];
            }
            else {
                fml = ctx().bool_val(true);
            }
            return std::string(Z3_benchmark_to_smtlib_string(
                                   ctx(),
                                   "", "", status, "",
                                   sz,
                                   fmls,
                                   fml));
        }
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_solver_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_solver)); }

    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s) { out << Z3_solver_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }

    class goal : public object {
        Z3_goal m_goal;
        void init(Z3_goal s) {
            m_goal = s;
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        goal(context & c, bool models=true, bool unsat_cores=false, bool proofs=false):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_goal(c, models, unsat_cores, proofs)); }
        goal(context & c, Z3_goal s):object(c) { init(s); }
        goal(goal const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_goal); }
        ~goal() { Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal); }
        operator Z3_goal() const { return m_goal; }
        goal & operator=(goal const & s) {
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_goal);
            Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_goal = s.m_goal;
            return *this;
        }
        void add(expr const & f) { check_context(*this, f); Z3_goal_assert(ctx(), m_goal, f); check_error(); }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_goal_size(ctx(), m_goal); }
        expr operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_ast r = Z3_goal_formula(ctx(), m_goal, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        Z3_goal_prec precision() const { return Z3_goal_precision(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool inconsistent() const { return Z3_goal_inconsistent(ctx(), m_goal) != 0; }
        unsigned depth() const { return Z3_goal_depth(ctx(), m_goal); }
        void reset() { Z3_goal_reset(ctx(), m_goal); }
        unsigned num_exprs() const { return Z3_goal_num_exprs(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool is_decided_sat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_sat(ctx(), m_goal) != 0; }
        bool is_decided_unsat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_unsat(ctx(), m_goal) != 0; }
        expr as_expr() const {
            unsigned n = size();
            if (n == 0)
                return ctx().bool_val(true);
            else if (n == 1)
                return operator[](0);
            else {
                array<Z3_ast> args(n);
                for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++)
                    args[i] = operator[](i);
                return expr(ctx(), Z3_mk_and(ctx(), n, args.ptr()));
            }
        }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g) { out << Z3_goal_to_string(g.ctx(), g); return out; }

    class apply_result : public object {
        Z3_apply_result m_apply_result;
        void init(Z3_apply_result s) {
            m_apply_result = s;
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        apply_result(context & c, Z3_apply_result s):object(c) { init(s); }
        apply_result(apply_result const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_apply_result); }
        ~apply_result() { Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        operator Z3_apply_result() const { return m_apply_result; }
        apply_result & operator=(apply_result const & s) {
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_apply_result);
            Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_apply_result = s.m_apply_result;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_apply_result_get_num_subgoals(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        goal operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_goal r = Z3_apply_result_get_subgoal(ctx(), m_apply_result, i); check_error(); return goal(ctx(), r); }
        model convert_model(model const & m, unsigned i = 0) const {
            check_context(*this, m);
            Z3_model new_m = Z3_apply_result_convert_model(ctx(), m_apply_result, i, m);
            check_error();
            return model(ctx(), new_m);
        }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r) { out << Z3_apply_result_to_string(r.ctx(), r); return out; }

    class tactic : public object {
        Z3_tactic m_tactic;
        void init(Z3_tactic s) {
            m_tactic = s;
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        tactic(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_tactic r = Z3_mk_tactic(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        tactic(context & c, Z3_tactic s):object(c) { init(s); }
        tactic(tactic const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_tactic); }
        ~tactic() { Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic); }
        operator Z3_tactic() const { return m_tactic; }
        tactic & operator=(tactic const & s) {
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_tactic);
            Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_tactic = s.m_tactic;
            return *this;
        }
        solver mk_solver() const { Z3_solver r = Z3_mk_solver_from_tactic(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error(); return solver(ctx(), r);  }
        apply_result apply(goal const & g) const {
            check_context(*this, g);
            Z3_apply_result r = Z3_tactic_apply(ctx(), m_tactic, g);
            check_error();
            return apply_result(ctx(), r);
        }
        apply_result operator()(goal const & g) const {
            return apply(g);
        }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_tactic_get_help(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error();  return r; }
        friend tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max);
        friend tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p);
        friend tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms);
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_tactic_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_tactic)); }
    };

    inline tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_or_else(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max=UINT_MAX) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_repeat(t.ctx(), t, max);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_using_params(t.ctx(), t, p);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_try_for(t.ctx(), t, ms);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }


    class probe : public object {
        Z3_probe m_probe;
        void init(Z3_probe s) {
            m_probe = s;
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        probe(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_mk_probe(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, double val):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_const(c, val); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, Z3_probe s):object(c) { init(s); }
        probe(probe const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_probe); }
        ~probe() { Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe); }
        operator Z3_probe() const { return m_probe; }
        probe & operator=(probe const & s) {
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_probe);
            Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe);
            m_ctx = s.m_ctx;
            m_probe = s.m_probe;
            return *this;
        }
        double apply(goal const & g) const { double r = Z3_probe_apply(ctx(), m_probe, g); check_error(); return r; }
        double operator()(goal const & g) const { return apply(g); }
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator!(probe const & p);
    };

    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_le(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 <= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) <= p2; }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_ge(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 >= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) >= p2; }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_lt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 < probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) < p2; }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_gt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 > probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) > p2; }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_eq(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 == probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) == p2; }
    inline probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_and(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_or(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator!(probe const & p) {
        Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_not(p.ctx(), p); p.check_error(); return probe(p.ctx(), r);
    }

    class optimize : public object {
        Z3_optimize m_opt;
    public:
        class handle {
            unsigned m_h;
        public:
            handle(unsigned h): m_h(h) {}
            unsigned h() const { return m_h; }
        };
        optimize(context& c):object(c) { m_opt = Z3_mk_optimize(c); Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt); }
        ~optimize() { Z3_optimize_dec_ref(ctx(), m_opt); }
        operator Z3_optimize() const { return m_opt; }
        void add(expr const& e) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            Z3_optimize_assert(ctx(), m_opt, e);
        }
        handle add(expr const& e, unsigned weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            std::stringstream strm;
            strm << weight;
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, strm.str().c_str(), 0));
        }
        handle add(expr const& e, char const* weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, weight, 0));
        }
        handle maximize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_maximize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        handle minimize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_minimize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        void push() {
            Z3_optimize_push(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        void pop() {
            Z3_optimize_pop(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_optimize_check(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_optimize_get_model(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_optimize_set_params(ctx(), m_opt, p); check_error(); }
        expr lower(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_lower(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr upper(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_upper(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_assertions(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector objectives() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_objectives(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_optimize_get_statistics(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s);
        void from_file(char const* filename) { Z3_optimize_from_file(ctx(), m_opt, filename); check_error(); }
        void from_string(char const* constraints) { Z3_optimize_from_string(ctx(), m_opt, constraints); check_error(); }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_optimize_get_help(ctx(), m_opt); check_error();  return r; }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s) { out << Z3_optimize_to_string(s.ctx(), s.m_opt); return out; }

    inline tactic fail_if(probe const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_fail_if(p.ctx(), p);
        p.check_error();
        return tactic(p.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic when(probe const & p, tactic const & t) {
        check_context(p, t);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_when(t.ctx(), p, t);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic cond(probe const & p, tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(p, t1); check_context(p, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_cond(t1.ctx(), p, t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline symbol context::str_symbol(char const * s) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_string_symbol(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }
    inline symbol context::int_symbol(int n) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_int_symbol(m_ctx, n); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }

    inline sort context::bool_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bool_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::int_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_int_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::real_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_real_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::bv_sort(unsigned sz) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bv_sort(m_ctx, sz); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::string_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_string_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::seq_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_seq_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::re_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_re_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }

    inline sort context::array_sort(sort d, sort r) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_array_sort(m_ctx, d, r); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::enumeration_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * enum_names, func_decl_vector & cs, func_decl_vector & ts) {
        array<Z3_symbol> _enum_names(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { _enum_names[i] = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, enum_names[i]); }
        array<Z3_func_decl> _cs(n);
        array<Z3_func_decl> _ts(n);
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        sort s = to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_enumeration_sort(*this, _name, n, _enum_names.ptr(), _cs.ptr(), _ts.ptr()));
        check_error();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { cs.push_back(func_decl(*this, _cs[i])); ts.push_back(func_decl(*this, _ts[i])); }
        return s;
    }
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(char const* name) {
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, _name));
    }
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(symbol const& name) {
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, name));
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(arity);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < arity; i++) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, arity, args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), arity, domain, range);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(domain.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < domain.size(); i++) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, domain.size(), args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), domain, range);
    }


    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        Z3_sort args[1] = { domain };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 1, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range);
        Z3_sort args[2] = { d1, d2 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 2, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range);
        Z3_sort args[3] = { d1, d2, d3 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 3, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range);
        Z3_sort args[4] = { d1, d2, d3, d4 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 4, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range); check_context(d5, range);
        Z3_sort args[5] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 5, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }

    inline expr context::constant(symbol const & name, sort const & s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_const(m_ctx, name, s);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }
    inline expr context::constant(char const * name, sort const & s) { return constant(str_symbol(name), s); }
    inline expr context::bool_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, bool_sort()); }
    inline expr context::int_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, int_sort()); }
    inline expr context::real_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, real_sort()); }
    inline expr context::bv_const(char const * name, unsigned sz) { return constant(name, bv_sort(sz)); }

    inline expr context::bool_val(bool b) { return b ? expr(*this, Z3_mk_true(m_ctx)) : expr(*this, Z3_mk_false(m_ctx)); }

    inline expr context::int_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(__int64 n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(__uint64 n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }

    inline expr context::real_val(int n, int d) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_real(m_ctx, n, d); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(__int64 n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(__uint64 n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }

    inline expr context::bv_val(int n, unsigned sz) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, bv_sort(sz)); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(unsigned n, unsigned sz) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, bv_sort(sz)); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(__int64 n, unsigned sz) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, bv_sort(sz)); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(__uint64 n, unsigned sz) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, bv_sort(sz)); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(char const * n, unsigned sz) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, bv_sort(sz)); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }

    inline expr context::string_val(char const* s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(std::string const& s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s.c_str()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }

    inline expr context::num_val(int n, sort const & s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }

    inline expr func_decl::operator()(unsigned n, expr const * args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, n, _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);

    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr_vector const& args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, args.size(), _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()() const {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 0, 0);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a) const {
        check_context(*this, a);
        Z3_ast args[1] = { a };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a) const {
        Z3_ast args[1] = { ctx().num_val(a, domain(0)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, int a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, ctx().num_val(a2, domain(1)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { ctx().num_val(a1, domain(0)), a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3);
        Z3_ast args[3] = { a1, a2, a3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 3, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4);
        Z3_ast args[4] = { a1, a2, a3, a4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 4, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4, expr const & a5) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4); check_context(*this, a5);
        Z3_ast args[5] = { a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 5, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr to_real(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int2real(a.ctx(), a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }

    inline func_decl function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, range);
    }

    inline expr select(expr const & a, expr const & i) {
        check_context(a, i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_select(a.ctx(), a, i);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr select(expr const & a, int i) { return select(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain())); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr const & i, expr const & v) {
        check_context(a, i); check_context(a, v);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_store(a.ctx(), a, i, v);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, expr const & v) { return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), v); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr i, int v) { return store(a, i, a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range())); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, int v) {
        return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range()));
    }

#define MK_EXPR1(_fn, _arg)                     \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg.ctx(), _arg);           \
    _arg.check_error();                         \
    return expr(_arg.ctx(), r);

#define MK_EXPR2(_fn, _arg1, _arg2)             \
    check_context(_arg1, _arg2);                \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg1.ctx(), _arg1, _arg2);  \
    _arg1.check_error();                        \
    return expr(_arg1.ctx(), r);

    inline expr const_array(sort const & d, expr const & v) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_const_array, d, v);
    }

    inline expr empty_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_empty_set, s);
    }

    inline expr full_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_full_set, s);
    }

    inline expr set_add(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_add, s, e);
    }

    inline expr set_del(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_del, s, e);
    }    

    inline expr set_union(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_union(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();                    
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr set_intersect(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_intersect(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();                    
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr set_difference(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_difference, a, b);
    }

    inline expr set_complement(expr const& a) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_set_complement, a);
    }

    inline expr set_member(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_member, s, e);
    }

    inline expr set_subset(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_subset, a, b);
    }

    // sequence and regular expression operations.
    // union is +
    // concat is overloaded to handle sequences and regular expressions

    inline expr empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr suffixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_suffix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr prefixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_prefix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr indexof(expr const& s, expr const& substr, expr const& offset) {
        check_context(s, substr); check_context(s, offset);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_index(s.ctx(), s, substr, offset);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr to_re(expr const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_to_re(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr in_re(expr const& s, expr const& re) {
        check_context(s, re);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_in_re(s.ctx(), s, re);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr plus(expr const& re) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_plus(re.ctx(), re);
        re.check_error();
        return expr(re.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr option(expr const& re) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_option(re.ctx(), re);
        re.check_error();
        return expr(re.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr star(expr const& re) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_star(re.ctx(), re);
        re.check_error();
        return expr(re.ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr interpolant(expr const& a) {
        return expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_interpolant(a.ctx(), a));
    }

    inline expr context::parse_string(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
        
    }
    inline expr context::parse_file(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }

    inline expr context::parse_string(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }

    inline expr context::parse_file(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }


    inline check_result context::compute_interpolant(expr const& pat, params const& p, expr_vector& i, model& m) {
        Z3_ast_vector interp = 0;
        Z3_model mdl = 0;
        Z3_lbool r = Z3_compute_interpolant(*this, pat, p, &interp, &mdl);
        switch (r) {
        case Z3_L_FALSE:
            i = expr_vector(*this, interp);
            break;
        case Z3_L_TRUE:
            m = model(*this, mdl);
            break;
        case Z3_L_UNDEF:
            break;
        }
        return to_check_result(r);
    }

    inline expr_vector context::get_interpolant(expr const& proof, expr const& pat, params const& p) {
        return expr_vector(*this, Z3_get_interpolant(*this, proof, pat, p));
    }

    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& src, expr_vector const& dst) {
        assert(src.size() == dst.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _src(src.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < src.size(); ++i) {
            _src[i] = src[i];
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute(ctx(), m_ast, src.size(), _src.ptr(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }

    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& dst) {
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i) {
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute_vars(ctx(), m_ast, dst.size(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }



}

/*@}*/
/*@}*/

#endif

