rwcombine(1)

NAME
rwcombine - Combine flows denoting a long-lived session into a single flow

SYNOPSIS
  rwcombine [--actions=ACTIONS] [--ignore-fields=FIELDS]
        [--max-idle-time=NUM]
        [{--print-statistics | --print-statistics=FILENAME}]
        [--temp-directory=DIR_PATH] [--buffer-size=SIZE]
        [--note-add=TEXT] [--note-file-add=FILE]
        [--compression-method=COMP_METHOD] [--print-filenames]
        [--output-path=PATH] [--site-config-file=FILENAME]
        {[--xargs] | [--xargs=FILENAME] | [FILE [FILE ...]]}

  rwcombine --help

  rwcombine --help-fields

  rwcombine --version

DESCRIPTION
rwcombine reads SiLK Flow records from one or more input sources, searches for flow records where the attributes field denotes records that were prematurely created or were continuations of prematurely created flows, and attempts to combine those records into a single record. All the unmodified SiLK records and the combined records are written to the file specified by the --output-path switch or to the standard output when the --output-path switch is not provided and the standard output is not connected to a terminal.

Some flow exporters, such as yaf(1), provide fields that describe characteristics about the flow record, and these characteristics are stored in the attributes field of SiLK Flow records. The two flags that rwcombine considers are:

"T" The flow generator prematurely created a record for a long-lived session due to the connection's lifetime reaching the active timeout of the flow generator. (Also, when yaf is run with the --silk switch, it prematurely creates a flow and marks it with "T" if the byte count of the flow cannot be stored in a 32-bit value.)

"C" The flow generator created this flow as a continuation of long-running connection, where the previous flow for this connection met a timeout. (yaf only sets this flag when it is invoked with the --silk switch.)

A very long-running session may be represented by multiple flow records, where the first record is marked with the "T" flag, the final record is marked with the "C" flag, and intermediate records are marked with both "C" (this record continues an earlier flow) and "T" (this record also met the active time-out). rwcombine attempts to combine these multiple flow records into a single record.

The input to rwcombine does not need to be sorted. As part of its processing, rwcombine may re-order the records before writing them.

rwcombine reads SiLK Flow records from the files named on the command line or from the standard input when no file names are specified and --xargs is not present. To read the standard input in addition to the named files, use "-" or "stdin" as a file name. If an input file name ends in ".gz", the file will be uncompressed as it is read. When the --xargs switch is provided, rwcombine will read the names of the files to process from the named text file, or from the standard input if no file name argument is provided to the switch. The input to --xargs must contain one file name per line.

  Algorithm
The algorithm rwcombine uses to combine records is

1.  rwcombine reads SiLK flow records, examines the attributes field on each record, and immediately writes to the destination stream all records where both the time-out flag ("T") and the continuation flag ("C") are not set. Records where one or both of those flags are set are stored until all input records have been read.

2.  rwcombine groups the stored records into bins where the following fields for each record in each bin are identical: sIP, dIP, sPort, dPort, protocol, sensor, in, out, nhIP, application, class, and type.

3.  For each bin, the records are stored by time (sTime and elapsed).

4.  Within a bin, rwcombine combines two records into a single record when the attributes field of the first record has the "T" (time-out) flag set and the second record has the "C" (continuation) flag set. When combining records, the bytes field and packets fields are summed, the initialFlags from the first record is used, the sessionFlags field becomes the bit-wise OR of both sessionFlags fields and the second record's initialFlags field, and the eTime is set to that of the second flow.

5.  If the second record's "T" flag was set, rwcombine checks to see if the third record's "C" flag is set. If it is, the third record becomes part of the new record.

6.  The previous step repeats for the records in the bin until the bin contains a single record, the most recently added record did not have the "T" flag set, or the next record in the bin does not have the "C" flag set.

7.  After examining a bin, rwcombine writes the record(s) the bin contains to the destination stream.

8.  Steps 3 through 7 are repeated for each bin.

The --ignore-fields switch allows the user to remove fields from the set that rwcombine uses when grouping records in Step 2.

When combining two records into one (Step 4), rwcombine completely disregards the difference between the first record's end-time and the second record's start-time (the idle time). To tell rwcombine not to combine those records when the difference is greater than a limit, specify that value as the argument to the --max-idle-time switch.

To see information on the number of flows combined and the minimum and maximum idle times, specify the --print-statistics switch.

During its processing, rwcombine will try to allocate a large (near 2GB) in-memory array to hold the records. (You may use the --buffer-size switch to change this maximum buffer size.) If more records are read than will fit into memory, the in-core records are temporarily stored on disk as described by the --temp-directory switch. When all records have been read, the on-disk files are merged to produce the output.

By default, the temporary files are stored in the /tmp directory. Because the sizes of the temporary files may be large, it is strongly recommended that /tmp not be used as the temporary directory, and rwcombine will print a warning when /tmp is used. To modify the temporary directory used by rwcombine, provide the --temp-directory switch, set the SILK_TMPDIR environment variable, or set the TMPDIR environment variable.

OPTIONS
Option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation is unique or is an exact match for an option. A parameter to an option may be specified as --arg=param or --arg param, though the first form is required for options that take optional parameters.

--actions=ACTIONS
    Select the type of action(s) that rwcombine should take to combine the input records. The default action is "all", and the following actions are supported:

    all Perform all the actions described below.

    timeout
        Combine into a single flow record those records where the timeout flags in the attributes field indicate that the flow exporter has divided a long-lived session into multiple flow records.

    This switch is provided for future expansion of rwcombine, since at present rwcombine supports a single action. When writing a script that uses rwcombine, specify --action=timeout for compatibility with future versions of rwcombine.

--ignore-fields=FIELDS
    Ignore the fields listed in FIELDS when determining if two flow records should be grouped into the same bin; that is, treat FIELDS as being identical across all flows. By default, rwcombine puts records into a bin when the records have identical values for the following fields: sIP, dIP, sPort, dPort, protocol, sensor, in, out, nhIP, application, class, and type.

    FIELDS is a comma separated list of field-names, field-integers, and ranges of field-integers; a range is specified by separating the start and end of the range with a hyphen (-). Field-names are case-insensitive. Example:

     --ignore-fields=sensor,12-15

    The list of supported fields are:

    sIP,1
        source IP address

    dIP,2
        destination IP address

    sPort,3
        source port for TCP and UDP, or equivalent

    dPort,4
        destination port for TCP and UDP, or equivalent

    protocol,5
        IP protocol

    sensor,12
        name or ID of sensor at the collection point

    in,13
        router SNMP input interface or vlanId if packing tools were configured to capture it (see sensor.conf(5))

    out,14
        router SNMP output interface or postVlanId

    nhIP,15
        router next hop IP

    class,20,type,21
        class and type of sensor at the collection point (represented internally by a single value)

    application,29
        guess as to the content of the flow. Some software that generates flow records from packet data, such as yaf(1), will inspect the contents of the packets that make up a flow and use traffic signatures to label the content of the flow. SiLK calls this label the application; yaf refers to it as the appLabel. The application is the port number that is traditionally used for that type of traffic (see the /etc/services file on most UNIX systems). For example, traffic that the flow generator recognizes as FTP will have a value of 21, even if that traffic is being routed through the standard HTTP/web port (80).

--max-idle-time=NUM
    Do not combine flow records when the start time of the second flow record begins NUM seconds after the end time of the first flow record. NUM may be fractional. If not specified, the maximum idle time may be considered infinite.

--print-statistics
--print-statistics=FILENAME
    Print to the standard error or to the specified FILENAME the number of flows records read and written, the number of flows that did not require combining, the number of flows combined, the number that could not be combined, and minimum and maximum idle time between combined flow records.

--temp-directory=DIR_PATH
    Specify the name of the directory in which to store data files temporarily when more records have been read that will fit into RAM. This switch overrides the directory specified in the SILK_TMPDIR environment variable, which overrides the directory specified in the TMPDIR variable, which overrides the default, /tmp.

--buffer-size=SIZE
    Set the maximum size of the buffer to use for holding the records, in bytes. A larger buffer means fewer temporary files need to be created, reducing the I/O wait times. The default maximum for this buffer is near 2GB. The SIZE may be given as an ordinary integer, or as a real number followed by a suffix "K", "M" or "G", which represents the numerical value multiplied by 1,024 (kilo), 1,048,576 (mega), and 1,073,741,824 (giga), respectively. For example, 1.5K represents 1,536 bytes, or one and one-half kilobytes. (This value does not represent the absolute maximum amount of RAM that rwcombine will allocate, since additional buffers will be allocated for reading the input and writing the output.)

--output-path=PATH
    Write the SiLK Flow records to the specified file or named pipe. When the standard output is not a terminal and this switch is not provided or its argument is "-" or "stdout", the records are written to the standard output.

--note-add=TEXT
    Add the specified TEXT to the header of the output file as an annotation. This switch may be repeated to add multiple annotations to a file. To view the annotations, use the rwfileinfo(1) tool.

--note-file-add=FILENAME
    Open FILENAME and add the contents of that file to the header of the output file as an annotation. This switch may be repeated to add multiple annotations. Currently the application makes no effort to ensure that FILENAME contains text; be careful that you do not attempt to add a SiLK data file as an annotation.

--compression-method=COMP_METHOD
    Specify the compression library to use when writing output files. If this switch is not given, the value in the SILK_COMPRESSION_METHOD environment variable is used if the value names an available compression method. When no compression method is specified, output to the standard output or to named pipes is not compressed, and output to files is compressed using the default chosen when SiLK was compiled. The valid values for COMP_METHOD are determined by which external libraries were found when SiLK was compiled. To see the available compression methods and the default method, use the --help or --version switch. SiLK can support the following COMP_METHOD values when the required libraries are available.

    none
        Do not compress the output using an external library.

    zlib
        Use the zlib(3) library for compressing the output, and always compress the output regardless of the destination. Using zlib produces the smallest output files at the cost of speed.

    lzo1x
        Use the lzo1x algorithm from the LZO real time compression library for compression, and always compress the output regardless of the destination. This compression provides good compression with less memory and CPU overhead.

    snappy
        Use the snappy library for compression, and always compress the output regardless of the destination. This compression provides good compression with less memory and CPU overhead. Since SiLK 3.13.0.

    best
        Use lzo1x if available, otherwise use snappy if available, otherwise use zlib if available. Only compress the output when writing to a file.

--print-filenames
    Print to the standard error the names of input files as they are opened.

--site-config-file=FILENAME
    Read the SiLK site configuration from the named file FILENAME. When this switch is not provided, rwcombine searches for the site configuration file in the locations specified in the "FILES" section.

--xargs
--xargs=FILENAME
    Causes rwcombine to read file names from FILENAME or from the standard input if FILENAME is not provided. The input should have one file name per line. rwcombine will open each file in turn and read records from it, as if the files had been listed on the command line.

--help
    Print the available options and exit.

--help-fields
    Print the description and alias(es) of each field and exit.

--version
    Print the version number and information about how SiLK was configured, then exit the application.

EXAMPLES
In the following examples, the dollar sign ("$") represents the shell prompt. The text after the dollar sign represents the command line. Lines have been wrapped for improved readability, and the back slash ("\") is used to indicate a wrapped line.

The output from rwcut(1) shows the flow exporter split this long-lived ssh session into multiple flow records:

 $ rwfilter --saddr=192.168.126.252 --dport=22 --pass=- data.rw \
   | rwcut --fields=flags,attributes,stime,etime
    flags|attribut|                  sTime|                  eTime|
  S PA   |T       |2009/02/13T00:29:59.563|2009/02/13T00:59:39.668|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T00:59:39.668|2009/02/13T01:29:19.478|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T01:29:19.478|2009/02/13T01:58:48.890|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T01:58:48.891|2009/02/13T02:28:43.599|
 F  PA   | C      |2009/02/13T02:28:43.600|2009/02/13T02:32:58.272|

Here is the other half of that conversation:

 $ rwfilter --daddr=192.168.126.252 --sport=22 --pass=- data.rw \
   | rwcut --fields=flags,attributes,stime,etime
    flags|attribut|                  sTime|                  eTime|
  S PA   |T       |2009/02/13T00:30:00.060|2009/02/13T00:59:39.667|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T00:59:39.670|2009/02/13T01:29:19.478|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T01:29:19.481|2009/02/13T01:58:48.890|
    PA   |TC      |2009/02/13T01:58:48.893|2009/02/13T02:28:43.599|
 F  PA   | C      |2009/02/13T02:28:43.600|2009/02/13T02:32:58.271|

Use rwuniq(1) to compute the byte and packet counts for that ssh session:

 $ rwfilter --any-addr=192.168.126.252 --aport=22 --pass=- data.rw \
   | rwuniq --fields=sip,dip,sport,dport --values=records,byte,packets
             sIP|            dIP|sPort|dPort|Records|  Bytes|Packets|
   10.11.156.107|192.168.126.252|   22|28975|      5|4677240|   3881|
 192.168.126.252|  10.11.156.107|28975|   22|      5| 281939|   3891|

Invoke rwcombine on these records and store the result in the file combined.rw:

 $ rwfilter --any-addr=192.168.126.252 --aport=22 --pass=- data.rw \
   | rwcombine --print-statistics --output-path=combined.rw
 FLOW RECORD COUNTS:
 Read:                                    10
 Initially Complete:           -           0 *
 Sorted & Examined:            =          10
 Missing end:                  -           0 *
 Missing start & end:          -           0 *
 Missing start:                -           0 *
 Prior to combining:           =          10
 Eliminated:                   -           8
 Made complete:                =           2 *
 Written:                                  2 (sum of *)

 IDLE TIMES:
 Minimum:        0:00:00:00.000
 Penultimate:    0:00:00:00.000
 Maximum:        0:00:00:00.003

View the resulting records:

 $ rwcut --fields=sip,dip,sport,dport,bytes,packets,flags combined.rw
             sIP|            dIP|sPort|dPort|  bytes|packets|   flags|
   10.11.156.107|192.168.126.252|   22|28975|4677240|   3881|FS PA   |
 192.168.126.252|  10.11.156.107|28975|   22| 281939|   3891|FS PA   |

 $ rwcut --fields=sip,attributes,stime,etime combined.rw
             sIP|attribut|                  sTime|                  eTime|
   10.11.156.107|        |2009/02/13T00:30:00.060|2009/02/13T02:32:58.271|
 192.168.126.252|        |2009/02/13T00:29:59.563|2009/02/13T02:32:58.272|

ENVIRONMENT

SILK_TMPDIR
    When set and --temp-directory is not specified, rwcombine writes the temporary files it creates to this directory. SILK_TMPDIR overrides the value of TMPDIR.

TMPDIR
    When set and SILK_TMPDIR is not set, rwcombine writes the temporary files it creates to this directory.

SILK_CLOBBER
    The SiLK tools normally refuse to overwrite existing files. Setting SILK_CLOBBER to a non-empty value removes this restriction.

SILK_COMPRESSION_METHOD
    This environment variable is used as the value for --compression-method when that switch is not provided. Since SiLK 3.13.0.

SILK_CONFIG_FILE
    This environment variable is used as the value for the --site-config-file when that switch is not provided.

SILK_DATA_ROOTDIR
    This environment variable specifies the root directory of data repository. As described in the "FILES" section, rwcombine may use this environment variable when searching for the SiLK site configuration file.

SILK_PATH
    This environment variable gives the root of the install tree. When searching for configuration files, rwcombine may use this environment variable. See the "FILES" section for details.

SILK_TEMPFILE_DEBUG
    When set to 1, rwcombine prints debugging messages to the standard error as it creates, re-opens, and removes temporary files.

FILES

${SILK_CONFIG_FILE}
${SILK_DATA_ROOTDIR}/silk.conf
/usr/share/silk/silk.conf
${SILK_PATH}/share/silk/silk.conf
${SILK_PATH}/share/silk.conf
/usr/share/silk/silk.conf
/usr/share/silk.conf
    Possible locations for the SiLK site configuration file which are checked when the --site-config-file switch is not provided.

${SILK_TMPDIR}/
${TMPDIR}/
/tmp/
    Directory in which to create temporary files.

SEE ALSO
rwfilter(1), rwcut(1), rwuniq(1), rwfileinfo(1), sensor.conf(5), silk(7), yaf(1), zlib(3)

NOTES
The first release of rwcombine occurred in SiLK 3.9.0.